Luke 23
- Who wrote it
- Traditionally Luke, a doctor and companion of Paul
- Who it was for
- Theophilus and other followers of Jesus
- What was happening
- Before Pilate and Herod, the cross between two criminals, and the burial
What’s happening
The whole council takes Jesus to Pilate and accuses him: "We found this man perverting our nation, forbidding paying taxes to Caesar, and saying that he himself is Christ, a king." Pilate asks, "Are you the King of the Jews?" "So you say." Pilate says, "I find no basis for a charge against this man." When they insist that he stirs up the people from Galilee to here, Pilate learns that Jesus is a Galilean and sends him to Herod, who is in Jerusalem at that time. Herod is glad to see him, having wanted to for a long time, and hoping to see a sign, questions him at length, but Jesus answers nothing while the chief priests and scribes stand by accusing him. Herod and his soldiers treat him with contempt and mock him, dress him in an elegant robe, and send him back to Pilate; that day Herod and Pilate become friends. Pilate calls the chief priests, rulers, and the people: "You brought this man to me, as one that perverts the people, and see, I have examined him before you, and found no basis for the accusations. No, nor has Herod, for he sent him back to us. Behold, nothing worthy of death has been done by him. I will therefore chastise him and release him." They cry out all together, "Away with this man! Release to us Barabbas!" Pilate speaks again, wishing to release Jesus, but they shout, "Crucify! Crucify him!" A third time he asks, "Why? What evil has this man done?" but their voices prevail, and Pilate gives sentence as they demand, releasing Barabbas, who had been thrown in prison for insurrection and murder, and delivering Jesus to their will. As they lead him away they seize Simon of Cyrene coming from the country and lay the cross on him to carry behind Jesus. A great multitude follows, including women who mourn and lament. Jesus turns: "Daughters of Jerusalem, don't weep for me, but weep for yourselves and for your children. For behold, the days are coming in which they will say, 'Blessed are the barren, the wombs that never bore, and the breasts that never nursed.' Then they will begin to tell the mountains, 'Fall on us!' and to the hills, 'Cover us.' For if they do these things in the green tree, what will be done in the dry?" Two criminals are led with him. At the place called The Skull they crucify him with the criminals, one on the right and the other on the left. Jesus says, "Father, forgive them, for they don't know what they are doing." They divide his clothes by casting lots. The people stand watching; the rulers sneer, "He saved others. Let him save himself, if this is the Christ of God, his chosen one!" The soldiers mock him, offering sour wine: "If you are the King of the Jews, save yourself!" Over him is an inscription: "THIS IS THE KING OF THE JEWS." One of the criminals hangs and hurls insults, "Aren't you the Christ? Save yourself and us!" The other rebukes him: "Don't you even fear God, seeing you are under the same condemnation? And we indeed justly, for we receive the due reward for our deeds, but this man has done nothing wrong." He says, "Jesus, remember me when you come into your Kingdom." Jesus says to him, "Truly I tell you, today you will be with me in Paradise." It is about the sixth hour, and darkness comes over the whole land until the ninth hour, the sun's light failing, and the curtain of the temple is torn in two. Jesus, crying out with a loud voice, says, "Father, into your hands I commit my spirit," and breathes his last. The centurion, seeing what has happened, praises God: "Certainly this was a righteous man." All the crowds who came together for the sight, seeing what happened, return beating their breasts, and all his acquaintances and the women who followed from Galilee stand at a distance watching. A good and righteous man named Joseph, a member of the council who had not consented to their decision, from the Jewish town of Arimathea, who was looking for the Kingdom of God, goes to Pilate, asks for the body, takes it down, wraps it in a linen cloth, and lays it in a tomb cut in stone where no one had ever been laid. It is the day of preparation, and the Sabbath is about to begin. The women who came with him from Galilee follow, see the tomb and how his body is laid, and return and prepare spices and ointments, and on the Sabbath they rest according to the commandment.
Why the setting matters
Luke stresses Jesus' innocence more than any other Gospel: Pilate says three times that he finds no guilt, Herod finds nothing, and the centurion and one of the criminals declare him innocent. This is part of Luke's picture of a righteous sufferer. Herod Antipas, the ruler of Galilee, was in Jerusalem for Passover, which is why Pilate could pass the case to him; the two had been enemies and became friends. The charge of forbidding taxes is false, given 20:25. Luke names three charges, all political, to bring Jesus before a Roman. The "daughters of Jerusalem" were women who lamented the condemned, and Jesus' reply takes up Hosea 10:8 and warns of a coming destruction. "Green tree" and "dry" is a proverb: if this happens to the innocent, what awaits the guilty. The prayer "Father, forgive them" is missing in some early manuscripts, and whether it is original is debated. "Paradise" is a Persian word for a garden, used in the Greek Old Testament for Eden (Genesis 2:8), and it appears in the New Testament only three times. The darkness at noon and the torn curtain are signs; Luke has the curtain torn before Jesus dies. "Into your hands I commit my spirit" is from Psalm 31:5. In Mark the centurion says "Son of God"; in Luke he says "a righteous man," which fits Luke's theme. Joseph of Arimathea is introduced as one of the council who had not agreed, and as one who waited for the kingdom, like Simeon and Anna.
Who’s in this chapter
Jesus
Tried, crucified, and buried; he forgives and promises paradise.
Pontius Pilate
Finds no guilt three times, and gives in.
Herod Antipas
Mocks Jesus and sends him back.
Barabbas
Released in his place.
The chief priests
Press the charges.
The crowds
Shout for his death, then go home beating their breasts.
Simon of Cyrene
Carries the cross behind Jesus.
The daughters of Jerusalem
Mourn as he is led out.
The two criminals
Crucified on either side; one mocks, one asks to be remembered.
The centurion
Calls him a righteous man.
Joseph of Arimathea
A council member who buries him.
The women from Galilee
Watch from a distance and see the tomb.
Talk it through
- Luke has Pilate say three times that Jesus is innocent. What is Luke setting up?
- Jesus says, "Father, forgive them," from the cross. Who is "them"?
- The second criminal says, "Remember me." Why does Jesus answer so quickly and fully?
- The centurion says, "a righteous man." What does that word say that "Son of God" doesn't?
Read Luke 23
World English Bible
1The whole company of them rose up and brought him before Pilate. 2They began to accuse him, saying, “We found this man perverting the nation, forbidding paying taxes to Caesar, and saying that he himself is Christ, a king.”
3Pilate asked him, “Are you the King of the Jews?”
He answered him, “So you say.”
4Pilate said to the chief priests and the multitudes, “I find no basis for a charge against this man.”
5But they insisted, saying, “He stirs up the people, teaching throughout all Judea, beginning from Galilee even to this place.” 6But when Pilate heard Galilee mentioned, he asked if the man was a Galilean. 7When he found out that he was in Herod’s jurisdiction, he sent him to Herod, who was also in Jerusalem during those days.
8Now when Herod saw Jesus, he was exceedingly glad, for he had wanted to see him for a long time, because he had heard many things about him. He hoped to see some miracle done by him. 9He questioned him with many words, but he gave no answers. 10The chief priests and the scribes stood, vehemently accusing him. 11Herod with his soldiers humiliated him and mocked him. Dressing him in luxurious clothing, they sent him back to Pilate. 12Herod and Pilate became friends with each other that very day, for before that they were enemies with each other.
13Pilate called together the chief priests, the rulers, and the people, 14and said to them, “You brought this man to me as one that perverts the people, and behold, having examined him before you, I found no basis for a charge against this man concerning those things of which you accuse him. 15Neither has Herod, for I sent you to him, and see, nothing worthy of death has been done by him. 16I will therefore chastise him and release him.”
17Now he had to release one prisoner to them at the feast. 18But they all cried out together, saying, “Away with this man! Release to us Barabbas!”— 19one who was thrown into prison for a certain revolt in the city, and for murder.
20Then Pilate spoke to them again, wanting to release Jesus, 21but they shouted, saying, “Crucify! Crucify him!”
22He said to them the third time, “Why? What evil has this man done? I have found no capital crime in him. I will therefore chastise him and release him.” 23But they were urgent with loud voices, asking that he might be crucified. Their voices and the voices of the chief priests prevailed. 24Pilate decreed that what they asked for should be done. 25He released him who had been thrown into prison for insurrection and murder, for whom they asked, but he delivered Jesus up to their will.
26When they led him away, they grabbed one Simon of Cyrene, coming from the country, and laid on him the cross, to carry it after Jesus. 27A great multitude of the people followed him, including women who also mourned and lamented him. 28But Jesus, turning to them, said, “Daughters of Jerusalem, don’t weep for me, but weep for yourselves and for your children. 29For behold, the days are coming in which they will say, ‘Blessed are the barren, the wombs that never bore, and the breasts that never nursed.’ 30Then they will begin to tell the mountains, ‘Fall on us!’ and tell the hills, ‘Cover us.’ 31For if they do these things in the green tree, what will be done in the dry?”
32There were also others, two criminals, led with him to be put to death. 33When they came to the place that is called “The Skull”, they crucified him there with the criminals, one on the right and the other on the left.
34Jesus said, “Father, forgive them, for they don’t know what they are doing.”
Dividing his garments among them, they cast lots. 35The people stood watching. The rulers with them also scoffed at him, saying, “He saved others. Let him save himself, if this is the Christ of God, his chosen one!”
36The soldiers also mocked him, coming to him and offering him vinegar, 37and saying, “If you are the King of the Jews, save yourself!”
38An inscription was also written over him in letters of Greek, Latin, and Hebrew: “THIS IS THE KING OF THE JEWS.”
39One of the criminals who was hanged insulted him, saying, “If you are the Christ, save yourself and us!”
40But the other answered, and rebuking him said, “Don’t you even fear God, seeing you are under the same condemnation? 41And we indeed justly, for we receive the due reward for our deeds, but this man has done nothing wrong.” 42He said to Jesus, “Lord, remember me when you come into your Kingdom.”
43Jesus said to him, “Assuredly I tell you, today you will be with me in Paradise.”
44It was now about the sixth hour, and darkness came over the whole land until the ninth hour. 45The sun was darkened, and the veil of the temple was torn in two. 46Jesus, crying with a loud voice, said, “Father, into your hands I commit my spirit!” Having said this, he breathed his last.
47When the centurion saw what was done, he glorified God, saying, “Certainly this was a righteous man.” 48All the multitudes that came together to see this, when they saw the things that were done, returned home beating their breasts. 49All his acquaintances and the women who followed with him from Galilee stood at a distance, watching these things.
50Behold, a man named Joseph, who was a member of the council, a good and righteous man 51(he had not consented to their counsel and deed), from Arimathaea, a city of the Jews, who was also waiting for God’s Kingdom: 52this man went to Pilate, and asked for Jesus’ body. 53He took it down, and wrapped it in a linen cloth, and laid him in a tomb that was cut in stone, where no one had ever been laid. 54It was the day of the Preparation, and the Sabbath was drawing near. 55The women, who had come with him out of Galilee, followed after, and saw the tomb, and how his body was laid. 56They returned and prepared spices and ointments. On the Sabbath they rested according to the commandment.
Text: World English Bible, Public domain. About our sources