Setting the scene
Who wrote it
Traditionally Luke, a doctor and companion of Paul
Who it was for
Theophilus and other followers of Jesus
What was happening
Repent or perish, a woman healed on the Sabbath, the narrow door, and the lament over Jerusalem
Read the full background in the book overview

What’s happening

Some people tell Jesus about the Galileans whose blood Pilate mixed with their sacrifices. Jesus asks if they were worse sinners than other Galileans because of this, and answers, "I tell you, no, but unless you repent, you will all perish in the same way." He adds the eighteen who died when the tower at Siloam fell: "Unless you repent, you will all likewise perish." He tells of a fig tree planted in a vineyard that has borne no fruit for three years; the owner says cut it down, but the gardener says, "Lord, leave it alone this year also, until I dig around it, and fertilize it. If it bears fruit, fine; but if not, after that, you can cut it down." On a Sabbath, as he teaches in a synagogue, he sees a woman who for eighteen years has had a spirit of weakness and is bent over, unable to straighten up. He calls her, lays his hands on her, and says, "Woman, you are freed from your infirmity." She stands straight and glorifies God. The synagogue ruler, indignant, tells the crowd there are six days for work, so come on those days to be healed. Jesus answers, "You hypocrites! Doesn't each one of you free his ox or his donkey from the stall on the Sabbath, and lead him away to water? Ought not this woman, being a daughter of Abraham, whom Satan had bound eighteen years, be freed from this bondage on the Sabbath day?" His opponents are put to shame, and the crowd rejoices. He compares the Kingdom of God to a mustard seed that grows into a tree in which birds nest, and to yeast a woman hid in three measures of flour until all of it was leavened. Going on toward Jerusalem, he is asked, "Lord, are they few who are saved?" and says, "Strive to enter in by the narrow door, for many, I tell you, will seek to enter in, and will not be able." Once the master of the house has shut the door, those outside will knock and say, "Lord, open to us," and he will answer, "I don't know where you come from. Depart from me, all you workers of iniquity." There will be weeping and gnashing of teeth when they see Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and all the prophets in the kingdom of God, and people will come from east and west and north and south and sit down in it. "Behold, there are some who are last who will be first, and there are some who are first who will be last." Some Pharisees warn him, "Get out of here, and go away, for Herod wants to kill you." He says, "Go and tell that fox, 'Behold, I cast out demons and perform cures today and tomorrow, and the third day I complete my mission.' Nevertheless I must go on my way today and tomorrow and the next day, for it can't be that a prophet perish outside of Jerusalem." He ends, "Jerusalem, Jerusalem, who kills the prophets, and stones those who are sent to her! How often I wanted to gather your children together, even as a hen gathers her own brood under her wings, and you were not willing! Behold, your house is left to you desolate. I tell you, you will not see me, until you say, 'Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord!'"

Why the setting matters

Pilate was known for brutality, and Josephus tells of several violent episodes under him, though this one is not otherwise recorded. The tower at Siloam, near a pool at the southeast corner of Jerusalem, is also known only from Luke. Jesus rejects the idea that those who died were worse sinners, a common assumption in the ancient world, and turns it into a call to everyone to repent. The fig tree and vineyard recall Isaiah 5 and Israel as God's planting. The woman is bent for eighteen years; Jesus calls her "a daughter of Abraham," a title that gives her full standing in the community. The synagogue ruler's objection is that healing is work, and Jesus' answer uses an argument his hearers would accept, that animals are cared for on the Sabbath. The mustard seed and yeast pair a man's and a woman's image, as Luke often does. "The narrow door" and the people "from east and west" point to a feast of the kingdom open to Gentiles (Isaiah 25:6-9). Herod Antipas is called "that fox," a cunning, small predator, not a lion. The hen gathering her chicks echoes Deuteronomy 32:11 and Psalm 17:8 and is a picture of protective care. "Your house is left desolate" refers to the temple or to Jerusalem as a whole, and the quote from Psalm 118:26 returns at the entry into the city (19:38).

Read Luke 13 (World English Bible)

Who’s in this chapter

Jesus

Calls for repentance, frees a woman, and laments over Jerusalem.

The crowds

Bring news of Pilate's massacre and rejoice when the woman is freed.

The woman bent over

Bent over for eighteen years; healed and called a daughter of Abraham.

The synagogue ruler

Objects to a Sabbath healing.

Pharisees and scribes

Some Pharisees warn him of Herod.

Herod Antipas

Jesus calls him a fox.

Pontius Pilate

Mixed Galileans' blood with their sacrifices.

Talk it through

  1. Jesus is asked about a massacre and an accident and says, "Unless you repent." What is he refusing to do, and what is he asking for?
  2. The gardener asks for one more year for the fig tree. What does the story say about patience and urgency?
  3. Jesus calls the bent woman "a daughter of Abraham." What is he giving her beyond the healing?
  4. Jesus speaks of Jerusalem with grief, not anger. What does the hen and chicks image say about how he sees it?

Read Luke 13

World English Bible

1Now there were some present at the same time who told him about the Galileans, whose blood Pilate had mixed with their sacrifices. 2Jesus answered them, “Do you think that these Galileans were worse sinners than all the other Galileans, because they suffered such things? 3I tell you, no, but unless you repent, you will all perish in the same way. 4Or those eighteen, on whom the tower in Siloam fell and killed them; do you think that they were worse offenders than all the men who dwell in Jerusalem? 5I tell you, no, but, unless you repent, you will all perish in the same way.”

6He spoke this parable. “A certain man had a fig tree planted in his vineyard, and he came seeking fruit on it, and found none. 7He said to the vine dresser, ‘Behold, these three years I have come looking for fruit on this fig tree, and found none. Cut it down. Why does it waste the soil?’ 8He answered, ‘Lord, leave it alone this year also, until I dig around it and fertilize it. 9If it bears fruit, fine; but if not, after that, you can cut it down.’ ”

10He was teaching in one of the synagogues on the Sabbath day. 11Behold, there was a woman who had a spirit of infirmity eighteen years. She was bent over, and could in no way straighten herself up. 12When Jesus saw her, he called her, and said to her, “Woman, you are freed from your infirmity.” 13He laid his hands on her, and immediately she stood up straight and glorified God.

14The ruler of the synagogue, being indignant because Jesus had healed on the Sabbath, said to the multitude, “There are six days in which men ought to work. Therefore come on those days and be healed, and not on the Sabbath day!”

15Therefore the Lord answered him, “You hypocrites! Doesn’t each one of you free his ox or his donkey from the stall on the Sabbath, and lead him away to water? 16Ought not this woman, being a daughter of Abraham whom Satan had bound eighteen long years, be freed from this bondage on the Sabbath day?”

17As he said these things, all his adversaries were disappointed and all the multitude rejoiced for all the glorious things that were done by him.

18He said, “What is God’s Kingdom like? To what shall I compare it? 19It is like a grain of mustard seed which a man took and put in his own garden. It grew and became a large tree, and the birds of the sky live in its branches.”

20Again he said, “To what shall I compare God’s Kingdom? 21It is like yeast, which a woman took and hid in three measures of flour, until it was all leavened.”

22He went on his way through cities and villages, teaching, and traveling on to Jerusalem. 23One said to him, “Lord, are they few who are saved?”

He said to them, 24“Strive to enter in by the narrow door, for many, I tell you, will seek to enter in and will not be able. 25When once the master of the house has risen up, and has shut the door, and you begin to stand outside and to knock at the door, saying, ‘Lord, Lord, open to us!’ then he will answer and tell you, ‘I don’t know you or where you come from.’ 26Then you will begin to say, ‘We ate and drank in your presence, and you taught in our streets.’ 27He will say, ‘I tell you, I don’t know where you come from. Depart from me, all you workers of iniquity.’ 28There will be weeping and gnashing of teeth when you see Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and all the prophets in God’s Kingdom, and yourselves being thrown outside. 29They will come from the east, west, north, and south, and will sit down in God’s Kingdom. 30Behold, there are some who are last who will be first, and there are some who are first who will be last.”

31On that same day, some Pharisees came, saying to him, “Get out of here, and go away, for Herod wants to kill you.”

32He said to them, “Go and tell that fox, ‘Behold, I cast out demons and perform cures today and tomorrow, and the third day I complete my mission. 33Nevertheless I must go on my way today and tomorrow and the next day, for it can’t be that a prophet would perish outside of Jerusalem.’

34“Jerusalem, Jerusalem, you who kills the prophets and stones those who are sent to her! How often I wanted to gather your children together, like a hen gathers her own brood under her wings, and you refused! 35Behold, your house is left to you desolate. I tell you, you will not see me until you say, ‘Blessed is he who comes in the name of the Lord!’ ”

Text: World English Bible, Public domain. About our sources