Setting the scene
Who wrote it
Traditionally Matthew
Who it was for
Jewish followers of Jesus
What was happening
Teaching the disciples about life together
Read the full background in the book overview

What’s happening

The disciples ask who is greatest in the kingdom of heaven. Jesus calls over a child and says unless they turn and become like children they will never enter it; whoever humbles themselves like this child is the greatest, and whoever welcomes one such child welcomes him. Anyone who causes one of these little ones who believe in him to stumble would be better off with a great millstone hung around their neck and drowned in the sea. Woe to the world for stumbling blocks; if a hand or foot or eye causes you to stumble, cut it off or pull it out, for it's better to enter life maimed than to be thrown into the fire of Gehenna. Don't despise one of these little ones, for their angels always see the Father's face. A man with a hundred sheep who loses one leaves the ninety-nine to look for it, and rejoices more over it than the others; it isn't the Father's will that one of these little ones should perish. If a brother or sister sins against you, go and point out the fault privately; if they listen, you've won them over. If not, take one or two others along, since every matter should be confirmed by two or three witnesses; if they still refuse, tell it to the church, and if they refuse even the church, treat them as you would a Gentile or a tax collector. Whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose will be loosed. If two of you agree about anything, it will be done for you, "for where two or three are gathered in my name, there I am among them." Peter asks how often to forgive: up to seven times? Jesus answers: "not seven times, but seventy-seven times." He tells the story of a servant who owed the king ten thousand talents and couldn't pay. The servant begged for time, and the king, moved with compassion, forgave the entire debt. That servant then found a fellow servant who owed him a hundred denarii, grabbed him by the throat, and had him thrown into prison. When the king heard, he called the first servant wicked and handed him over to the torturers until he could pay all he owed. "So my heavenly Father will also do to every one of you, if you don't each forgive your brother or sister from your heart."

Why the setting matters

Children had no legal standing and depended entirely on others, so a child is a picture of humility and dependence, not innocence; Matthew says to "humble yourself like this child" (18:4). The millstone here is literally a "donkey's millstone," the large upper stone of a mill turned by an animal, far heavier than a household hand mill. Gehenna is the Valley of Hinnom just south of Jerusalem, where some of Judah's kings had sacrificed children (2 Kings 23:10; Jeremiah 7:31), and it became a picture of judgment. Shepherds regularly left a flock grazing in the hills to find a stray, and Ezekiel 34 pictures God as the shepherd who seeks his scattered sheep. The steps in verses 15-17 build on the law's rule of two or three witnesses (Deuteronomy 19:15). Peter's "seven" was already generous; some later rabbinic teaching spoke of forgiving a repeat offender only three times. "Seventy-seven times" (some translations read 490) probably echoes Lamech's boast of vengeance seventy-seven-fold in Genesis 4:24, now turned upside down. A talent was about 6,000 denarii, and a denarius was a day's wage, so ten thousand talents is roughly 60 million days' wages, more than anyone could earn in many lifetimes; the fellow servant's hundred denarii is about three months' pay. Debtors could be jailed and punished until their families paid.

Read Matthew 18 (World English Bible)

Who’s in this chapter

The disciples

Ask who is greatest, and are told to become like children.

A child

Unnamed in Matthew. Jesus sets the child among them as a picture of humility.

Simon Peter

Asks how often he must forgive, offering a generous seven.

Jesus

Teaches the disciples how to treat the weak, the wandering, and those who wrong them.

Talk it through

  1. The disciples ask who is greatest, and Jesus puts a child in front of them. What did a child stand for in that world, and why might that be a good picture of the kingdom?
  2. The shepherd leaves ninety-nine to look for one. What does that say about how much the "little ones" matter?
  3. Jesus gives steps for a wrong between believers: privately, then with a witness or two, then the church. What might that order protect?
  4. The first servant is forgiven far more than he could ever repay, then refuses to forgive a small debt. What is Jesus saying about forgiveness given and forgiveness received?

Read Matthew 18

World English Bible

1In that hour the disciples came to Jesus, saying, “Who then is greatest in the Kingdom of Heaven?”

2Jesus called a little child to himself, and set him in the middle of them, 3and said, “Most certainly I tell you, unless you turn, and become as little children, you will in no way enter into the Kingdom of Heaven. 4Whoever therefore humbles himself as this little child is the greatest in the Kingdom of Heaven. 5Whoever receives one such little child in my name receives me, 6but whoever causes one of these little ones who believe in me to stumble, it would be better for him if a huge millstone were hung around his neck, and that he were sunk in the depths of the sea.

7“Woe to the world because of occasions of stumbling! For it must be that the occasions come, but woe to that person through whom the occasion comes! 8If your hand or your foot causes you to stumble, cut it off, and cast it from you. It is better for you to enter into life maimed or crippled, rather than having two hands or two feet to be cast into the eternal fire. 9If your eye causes you to stumble, pluck it out, and cast it from you. It is better for you to enter into life with one eye, rather than having two eyes to be cast into the Gehenna of fire. 10See that you don’t despise one of these little ones, for I tell you that in heaven their angels always see the face of my Father who is in heaven. 11For the Son of Man came to save that which was lost.

12“What do you think? If a man has one hundred sheep, and one of them goes astray, doesn’t he leave the ninety-nine, go to the mountains, and seek that which has gone astray? 13If he finds it, most certainly I tell you, he rejoices over it more than over the ninety-nine which have not gone astray. 14Even so it is not the will of your Father who is in heaven that one of these little ones should perish.

15“If your brother sins against you, go, show him his fault between you and him alone. If he listens to you, you have gained back your brother. 16But if he doesn’t listen, take one or two more with you, that at the mouth of two or three witnesses every word may be established. 17If he refuses to listen to them, tell it to the assembly. If he refuses to hear the assembly also, let him be to you as a Gentile or a tax collector. 18Most certainly I tell you, whatever things you bind on earth will have been bound in heaven, and whatever things you release on earth will have been released in heaven. 19Again, assuredly I tell you, that if two of you will agree on earth concerning anything that they will ask, it will be done for them by my Father who is in heaven. 20For where two or three are gathered together in my name, there I am in the middle of them.”

21Then Peter came and said to him, “Lord, how often shall my brother sin against me, and I forgive him? Until seven times?”

22Jesus said to him, “I don’t tell you until seven times, but, until seventy times seven. 23Therefore the Kingdom of Heaven is like a certain king, who wanted to reconcile accounts with his servants. 24When he had begun to reconcile, one was brought to him who owed him ten thousand talents. 25But because he couldn’t pay, his lord commanded him to be sold, with his wife, his children, and all that he had, and payment to be made. 26The servant therefore fell down and knelt before him, saying, ‘Lord, have patience with me, and I will repay you all!’ 27The lord of that servant, being moved with compassion, released him, and forgave him the debt.

28“But that servant went out, and found one of his fellow servants, who owed him one hundred denarii, and he grabbed him, and took him by the throat, saying, ‘Pay me what you owe!’

29“So his fellow servant fell down at his feet and begged him, saying, ‘Have patience with me, and I will repay you!’ 30He would not, but went and cast him into prison, until he should pay back that which was due. 31So when his fellow servants saw what was done, they were exceedingly sorry, and came and told their lord all that was done. 32Then his lord called him in, and said to him, ‘You wicked servant! I forgave you all that debt, because you begged me. 33Shouldn’t you also have had mercy on your fellow servant, even as I had mercy on you?’ 34His lord was angry, and delivered him to the tormentors, until he should pay all that was due to him. 35So my heavenly Father will also do to you, if you don’t each forgive your brother from your hearts for his misdeeds.”

Text: World English Bible, Public domain. About our sources