Matthew 20
- Who wrote it
- Traditionally Matthew
- Who it was for
- Jewish followers of Jesus
- What was happening
- On the road up to Jerusalem
What’s happening
Jesus tells a parable: a landowner hires workers for his vineyard at dawn for a denarius, and hires more at nine, noon, three, and five. At day's end he pays everyone the same, beginning with the last hired. The first workers grumble. The landowner answers, "Friend, I'm doing you no wrong. Didn't you agree to a denarius? Are you envious because I am generous?" and concludes, "the last will be first, and the first last." Jesus takes the twelve aside on the way up to Jerusalem and says for the third time that the Son of Man will be handed over to the chief priests and scribes, condemned to death, handed to the Gentiles to be mocked, flogged, and crucified, and raised on the third day. The mother of Zebedee's sons kneels and asks for her sons to sit at his right and left in his kingdom. Jesus asks them, "Can you drink the cup that I am about to drink?" They say they can; he says they will drink it, but the seats are for those the Father has prepared them for. The other ten are indignant. Jesus calls them together: the rulers of the Gentiles lord it over them, but it must not be so among you. "Whoever wants to become great among you must be your servant, and whoever wants to be first among you must be your slave, even as the Son of Man came not to be served but to serve, and to give his life as a ransom for many." Leaving Jericho, two blind men by the roadside cry out, "Lord, have mercy on us, Son of David!" The crowd tells them to be quiet, but they shout louder. Jesus stops and asks, "What do you want me to do for you?" "Lord, that our eyes would be opened." Moved with compassion, he touches their eyes, and they see and follow him.
Why the setting matters
Day laborers waited in the marketplace to be hired and were paid at day's end (Deuteronomy 24:15). A denarius was the usual day's wage, enough for a family's basic needs; those hired last would have gone home short. The hours are counted from sunrise, so the "third hour" is about nine, the "sixth" about noon, the "ninth" about three, and the "eleventh" about five. A vineyard is a familiar picture of Israel (Isaiah 5). Mark has James and John ask for the seats themselves; in Matthew their mother asks. The "cup" was a biblical image for suffering and God's judgment (Isaiah 51:22; Jeremiah 25:15). A ransom (lytron) was the price paid to free a slave or prisoner, and Jesus' wording may echo Isaiah 53. Jericho lay about fifteen miles northeast of Jerusalem, in the Jordan valley; pilgrims from Galilee who went by way of the east bank of the Jordan crossed back there and then climbed roughly 3,300 feet to the city.
Who’s in this chapter
The disciples
Indignant at James and John, and told what greatness means.
The mother of Zebedee's sons
Kneels and asks for the best places for her sons.
James
Told he will drink the cup.
John
Told he will drink the cup.
Two blind men
Two men by the road who keep calling for mercy until Jesus stops.
Talk it through
- Who does the landowner's pay feel unfair to, and who does it feel generous to? What would each group have been thinking?
- James and John's mother asks for the best seats right after Jesus' third prediction of his death. What does that show about what they heard?
- Jesus turns the rulers' model of greatness into servant and slave. What would that have sounded like to people living under Rome?
- The two blind men keep shouting after the crowd tells them to be quiet. What do you notice in how Jesus responds?
Read Matthew 20
World English Bible
1“For the Kingdom of Heaven is like a man who was the master of a household, who went out early in the morning to hire laborers for his vineyard. 2When he had agreed with the laborers for a denarius a day, he sent them into his vineyard. 3He went out about the third hour, and saw others standing idle in the marketplace. 4He said to them, ‘You also go into the vineyard, and whatever is right I will give you.’ So they went their way. 5Again he went out about the sixth and the ninth hour, and did likewise. 6About the eleventh hour he went out, and found others standing idle. He said to them, ‘Why do you stand here all day idle?’
7“They said to him, ‘Because no one has hired us.’
“He said to them, ‘You also go into the vineyard, and you will receive whatever is right.’ 8When evening had come, the lord of the vineyard said to his manager, ‘Call the laborers and pay them their wages, beginning from the last to the first.’
9“When those who were hired at about the eleventh hour came, they each received a denarius. 10When the first came, they supposed that they would receive more; and they likewise each received a denarius. 11When they received it, they murmured against the master of the household, 12saying, ‘These last have spent one hour, and you have made them equal to us, who have borne the burden of the day and the scorching heat!’
13“But he answered one of them, ‘Friend, I am doing you no wrong. Didn’t you agree with me for a denarius? 14Take that which is yours, and go your way. It is my desire to give to this last just as much as to you. 15Isn’t it lawful for me to do what I want to with what I own? Or is your eye evil, because I am good?’ 16So the last will be first, and the first last. For many are called, but few are chosen.”
17As Jesus was going up to Jerusalem, he took the twelve disciples aside, and on the way he said to them, 18“Behold, we are going up to Jerusalem, and the Son of Man will be delivered to the chief priests and scribes, and they will condemn him to death, 19and will hand him over to the Gentiles to mock, to scourge, and to crucify; and the third day he will be raised up.”
20Then the mother of the sons of Zebedee came to him with her sons, kneeling and asking a certain thing of him. 21He said to her, “What do you want?”
She said to him, “Command that these, my two sons, may sit, one on your right hand, and one on your left hand, in your Kingdom.”
22But Jesus answered, “You don’t know what you are asking. Are you able to drink the cup that I am about to drink, and be baptized with the baptism that I am baptized with?”
They said to him, “We are able.”
23He said to them, “You will indeed drink my cup, and be baptized with the baptism that I am baptized with, but to sit on my right hand and on my left hand is not mine to give; but it is for whom it has been prepared by my Father.”
24When the ten heard it, they were indignant with the two brothers.
25But Jesus summoned them, and said, “You know that the rulers of the nations lord it over them, and their great ones exercise authority over them. 26It shall not be so among you, but whoever desires to become great among you shall be your servant. 27Whoever desires to be first among you shall be your bondservant, 28even as the Son of Man came not to be served, but to serve, and to give his life as a ransom for many.”
29As they went out from Jericho, a great multitude followed him. 30Behold, two blind men sitting by the road, when they heard that Jesus was passing by, cried out, “Lord, have mercy on us, you son of David!” 31The multitude rebuked them, telling them that they should be quiet, but they cried out even more, “Lord, have mercy on us, you son of David!”
32Jesus stood still, and called them, and asked, “What do you want me to do for you?”
33They told him, “Lord, that our eyes may be opened.”
34Jesus, being moved with compassion, touched their eyes; and immediately their eyes received their sight, and they followed him.
Text: World English Bible, Public domain. About our sources