Setting the scene
Who wrote it
Traditionally John, the son of Zebedee
Who it was for
Followers of Jesus, Jewish and Gentile
What was happening
A Pharisee comes by night, and John the Baptist steps back
Read the full background in the book overview

What’s happening

There is a man of the Pharisees named Nicodemus, a ruler of the Jews, who comes to Jesus by night: "Rabbi, we know that you are a teacher come from God, for no one can do these signs that you do, unless God is with him." Jesus answers, "Most certainly I tell you, unless one is born anew, he can't see the Kingdom of God." The Greek word can mean "again" or "from above." Nicodemus says, "How can a man be born when he is old? Can he enter a second time into his mother's womb, and be born?" Jesus says, "Unless one is born of water and spirit, he can't enter into the Kingdom of God. That which is born of the flesh is flesh. That which is born of the Spirit is spirit. Don't marvel that I said to you, 'You must be born anew.' The wind blows where it wants to, and you hear its sound, but don't know where it comes from and where it is going. So is everyone who is born of the Spirit." Nicodemus asks, "How can these things be?" and Jesus says, "Are you the teacher of Israel, and don't understand these things?" He speaks of earthly things and heavenly things, of the one who descended from heaven, the Son of Man, and says, "As Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, even so must the Son of Man be lifted up, that whoever believes in him should not perish, but have eternal life. For God so loved the world, that he gave his only born Son, that whoever believes in him should not perish, but have eternal life. For God didn't send his Son into the world to judge the world, but that the world should be saved through him. ... This is the judgment, that the light has come into the world, and men loved the darkness rather than the light; for their works were evil. For everyone who does evil hates the light, and doesn't come to the light, lest his works would be exposed. But he who does the truth comes to the light, that his works may be revealed, that they have been done in God." After this Jesus and his disciples go into the land of Judea and baptize, and John is also baptizing at Aenon near Salim because there is much water there, for John has not yet been thrown into prison. A dispute arises between John's disciples and a Jew about purification, and they come to John: "Rabbi, he who was with you beyond the Jordan, to whom you have testified, behold, the same baptizes, and everyone is coming to him." John answers, "A man can receive nothing, unless it has been given him from heaven. ... He who has the bride is the bridegroom; but the friend of the bridegroom, who stands and hears him, rejoices greatly because of the bridegroom's voice. This, my joy, therefore is made full. He must increase, but I must decrease." Then follows a passage about the one who comes from above and is above all; he whom God has sent speaks God's words, for God gives the Spirit without measure. "The Father loves the Son, and has given all things into his hand. One who believes in the Son has eternal life, but one who disobeys the Son won't see life, but the wrath of God remains on him."

Why the setting matters

Nicodemus is a Pharisee and a member of the Sanhedrin ("ruler of the Jews"), a teacher who knows the Scriptures, and he comes at night, which may mean discretion, or darkness in John's symbolic sense; it is a matter of interpretation, and John uses "night" again when Judas leaves (13:30). The word "anothen" in 3:3 means both "again" and "from above"; Nicodemus hears one meaning and Jesus intends at least the other. This kind of double meaning, and misunderstanding, is a regular feature of John. "Born of water and spirit" has been read as natural birth and spiritual birth, as baptism and Spirit, or as a single phrase for cleansing and renewal as in Ezekiel 36:25-27; it is debated. Wind and spirit are the same word in Greek and Hebrew. "Lifted up" takes up Numbers 21:4-9 and also points to the cross, since John uses the verb for crucifixion and exaltation together. John 3:16-21 may be Jesus speaking or John's own comment; the original Greek has no quotation marks, and scholars are divided. Aenon near Salim is not certain; John's baptizing there "because there was much water" implies immersion. The "friend of the bridegroom" is the groom's best man, whose job is to bring the couple together and then step aside.

Read John 3 (World English Bible)

Who’s in this chapter

Jesus

Teaches a Pharisee about new birth and the love of God.

Nicodemus

A Pharisee and member of the council, who comes at night.

John the Baptist

Baptizing near Salim, and glad to step aside.

The disciples

Baptize in Judea with Jesus.

John's disciples

Worried that everyone is going to Jesus.

Talk it through

  1. Nicodemus comes at night and leaves without an answer. What do you make of that?
  2. "Born anew" or "born from above." What is Jesus asking Nicodemus to give up?
  3. John 3:16 sits inside a conversation about judgment and light. What does that context add?
  4. John says, "He must increase, but I must decrease." What does he see that his disciples don't?

Read John 3

World English Bible

1Now there was a man of the Pharisees named Nicodemus, a ruler of the Jews. 2The same came to him by night, and said to him, “Rabbi, we know that you are a teacher come from God, for no one can do these signs that you do, unless God is with him.”

3Jesus answered him, “Most certainly, I tell you, unless one is born anew, he can’t see God’s Kingdom.”

4Nicodemus said to him, “How can a man be born when he is old? Can he enter a second time into his mother’s womb, and be born?”

5Jesus answered, “Most certainly I tell you, unless one is born of water and spirit, he can’t enter into God’s Kingdom. 6That which is born of the flesh is flesh. That which is born of the Spirit is spirit. 7Don’t marvel that I said to you, ‘You must be born anew.’ 8The wind blows where it wants to, and you hear its sound, but don’t know where it comes from and where it is going. So is everyone who is born of the Spirit.”

9Nicodemus answered him, “How can these things be?”

10Jesus answered him, “Are you the teacher of Israel, and don’t understand these things? 11Most certainly I tell you, we speak that which we know, and testify of that which we have seen, and you don’t receive our witness. 12If I told you earthly things and you don’t believe, how will you believe if I tell you heavenly things? 13No one has ascended into heaven but he who descended out of heaven, the Son of Man, who is in heaven. 14As Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, even so must the Son of Man be lifted up, 15that whoever believes in him should not perish, but have eternal life. 16For God so loved the world, that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes in him should not perish, but have eternal life. 17For God didn’t send his Son into the world to judge the world, but that the world should be saved through him. 18He who believes in him is not judged. He who doesn’t believe has been judged already, because he has not believed in the name of the one and only Son of God. 19This is the judgment, that the light has come into the world, and men loved the darkness rather than the light; for their works were evil. 20For everyone who does evil hates the light, and doesn’t come to the light, lest his works would be exposed. 21But he who does the truth comes to the light, that his works may be revealed, that they have been done in God.”

22After these things, Jesus came with his disciples into the land of Judea. He stayed there with them and baptized. 23John also was baptizing in Enon near Salim, because there was much water there. They came, and were baptized; 24for John was not yet thrown into prison. 25Therefore a dispute arose on the part of John’s disciples with some Jews about purification. 26They came to John and said to him, “Rabbi, he who was with you beyond the Jordan, to whom you have testified, behold, he baptizes, and everyone is coming to him.”

27John answered, “A man can receive nothing unless it has been given him from heaven. 28You yourselves testify that I said, ‘I am not the Christ,’ but, ‘I have been sent before him.’ 29He who has the bride is the bridegroom; but the friend of the bridegroom, who stands and hears him, rejoices greatly because of the bridegroom’s voice. This, my joy, therefore is made full. 30He must increase, but I must decrease. 31He who comes from above is above all. He who is from the earth belongs to the earth and speaks of the earth. He who comes from heaven is above all. 32What he has seen and heard, of that he testifies; and no one receives his witness. 33He who has received his witness has set his seal to this, that God is true. 34For he whom God has sent speaks the words of God; for God gives the Spirit without measure. 35The Father loves the Son, and has given all things into his hand. 36One who believes in the Son has eternal life, but one who disobeys the Son won’t see life, but the wrath of God remains on him.”

Text: World English Bible, Public domain. About our sources