1 Corinthians 10

Setting the scene
Who wrote it
Paul
Who it was for
The church in Corinth
What was happening
Warnings from Israel's wilderness years, flee idolatry, and do everything for God's glory
Read the full background in the book overview

What’s happening

Paul does not want the Corinthians to be unaware that their ancestors were all under the cloud and passed through the sea, all baptized into Moses, all ate the same spiritual food and drank the same spiritual drink, for they drank from the spiritual rock that followed them, and the rock was Christ. Yet with most of them God was not pleased, and they fell in the wilderness. "Now these things were our examples, to the intent we wouldn't lust after evil things as they also lusted." Don't become idolaters, as some of them did, don't commit sexual immorality, don't test Christ, don't grumble, all of which brought judgment. "Let him who thinks he stands be careful that he doesn't fall." No temptation has taken them but what is common to man, and God is faithful: he will not let them be tempted beyond what they can bear, but with the temptation will provide the way of escape. So "flee from idolatry." The cup of blessing is a sharing in the blood of Christ, the bread a sharing in his body, and they are one body because they share one loaf. Israel's sacrifices make worshippers sharers in the altar, and pagan sacrifices are offered to demons. They cannot drink the Lord's cup and the cup of demons or share in the Lord's table and the table of demons. "All things are lawful, but not all things are profitable." Seek the other person's good. Eat whatever is sold in the market without raising questions of conscience, "for the earth is the Lord's, and its fullness." If an unbeliever invites you and you want to go, eat what is set before you; but if someone says, "This was offered to idols," don't eat, for the sake of the informant's conscience. "Whether you eat or drink, or whatever you do, do all to the glory of God." Give no offense to Jews, Greeks, or the church of God, just as Paul seeks to please all in all things, not seeking his own profit, but that of the many, that they may be saved.

Why the setting matters

Paul reads Israel's wilderness story as a warning to a church that thinks it is safe. He reads it in a Jewish way: the Rock that followed Israel appears in Jewish tradition, and Paul's statement that the rock was Christ means he sees Christ present in the story; how literally that is meant is debated. The "baptism into Moses" parallels the Corinthians' own baptism, to show that having the sacraments does not guarantee anything. Where he says 23,000 died in one day (10:8), Numbers 25:9 says 24,000, a difference commentators explain in several ways, such as the number died in a single day versus overall, or a different tradition. The passage 10:14-22 is about temple banquets: eating in a pagan temple was not just a meal but a fellowship, so Paul treats it as incompatible with the Lord's Supper, while allowing meat sold in the market (the macellum) and meals in private houses, as long as no one's conscience is hurt. The statement that "the earth is the Lord's" quotes Psalm 24:1, and 10:23-33 returns to the principle of 8:1-13: freedom is guided by love and by what builds up.

Read 1 Corinthians 10 (World English Bible)

Who’s in this chapter

Paul

Warns from Israel's history and gives guidance on food and conscience.

Moses

Israel was "baptized into Moses."

Israel in the wilderness

The generation that failed despite great privileges.

The believers in Corinth

Warned not to be overconfident.

Jesus

The spiritual rock; Lord of the table.

Talk it through

  1. The Israelites had the cloud, the sea, and the rock, and still fell. What does that say about relying on privileges?
  2. "God is faithful, and will provide the way of escape." What does that promise cover, and what does it leave open?
  3. Paul says the Lord's table cannot be shared with the table of demons. What does sharing a meal say about who you belong to?
  4. "Whatever you do, do all to the glory of God." How does that line sum up the argument of chapters 8 to 10?

Read 1 Corinthians 10

World English Bible

1Now I would not have you ignorant, brothers, that our fathers were all under the cloud, and all passed through the sea; 2and were all baptized into Moses in the cloud and in the sea; 3and all ate the same spiritual food; 4and all drank the same spiritual drink. For they drank of a spiritual rock that followed them, and the rock was Christ. 5However with most of them, God was not well pleased, for they were overthrown in the wilderness. 6Now these things were our examples, to the intent we should not lust after evil things, as they also lusted. 7Don’t be idolaters, as some of them were. As it is written, “The people sat down to eat and drink, and rose up to play.” 8Let’s not commit sexual immorality, as some of them committed, and in one day twenty-three thousand fell. 9Let’s not test Christ, as some of them tested, and perished by the serpents. 10Don’t grumble, as some of them also grumbled, and perished by the destroyer. 11Now all these things happened to them by way of example, and they were written for our admonition, on whom the ends of the ages have come. 12Therefore let him who thinks he stands be careful that he doesn’t fall.

13No temptation has taken you except what is common to man. God is faithful, who will not allow you to be tempted above what you are able, but will with the temptation also make the way of escape, that you may be able to endure it.

14Therefore, my beloved, flee from idolatry. 15I speak as to wise men. Judge what I say. 16The cup of blessing which we bless, isn’t it a sharing of the blood of Christ? The bread which we break, isn’t it a sharing of the body of Christ? 17Because there is one loaf of bread, we, who are many, are one body; for we all partake of the one loaf of bread. 18Consider Israel according to the flesh. Don’t those who eat the sacrifices participate in the altar?

19What am I saying then? That a thing sacrificed to idols is anything, or that an idol is anything? 20But I say that the things which the Gentiles sacrifice, they sacrifice to demons, and not to God, and I don’t desire that you would have fellowship with demons. 21You can’t both drink the cup of the Lord and the cup of demons. You can’t both partake of the table of the Lord and of the table of demons. 22Or do we provoke the Lord to jealousy? Are we stronger than he?

23“All things are lawful for me,” but not all things are profitable. “All things are lawful for me,” but not all things build up. 24Let no one seek his own, but each one his neighbor’s good. 25Whatever is sold in the butcher shop, eat, asking no question for the sake of conscience, 26for “the earth is the Lord’s, and its fullness.” 27But if one of those who don’t believe invites you to a meal, and you are inclined to go, eat whatever is set before you, asking no questions for the sake of conscience. 28But if anyone says to you, “This was offered to idols,” don’t eat it for the sake of the one who told you, and for the sake of conscience. For “the earth is the Lord’s, with all its fullness.” 29Conscience, I say, not your own, but the other’s conscience. For why is my liberty judged by another conscience? 30If I partake with thankfulness, why am I denounced for something I give thanks for? 31Whether therefore you eat, or drink, or whatever you do, do all to the glory of God. 32Give no occasion for stumbling, whether to Jews, or to Greeks, or to the assembly of God; 33even as I also please all men in all things, not seeking my own profit, but the profit of the many, that they may be saved.

Text: World English Bible, Public domain. About our sources