Romans 1
- Who wrote it
- Paul
- Who it was for
- The Christians in Rome
- What was happening
- Paul introduces himself to Rome, states his gospel, and begins with the world's need
What’s happening
Paul, a servant of Christ Jesus, called to be an apostle, set apart for the gospel of God, writes to all who are in Rome, beloved of God, called to be saints. The gospel was promised beforehand through the prophets in the holy Scriptures, concerning God's Son, who was born of David's seed according to the flesh and declared to be the Son of God with power, according to the Spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the dead: Jesus Christ our Lord. Through him Paul received grace and apostleship "for obedience of faith among all the nations, for his name's sake," among whom the Roman believers are also called. He gives thanks that their faith is proclaimed throughout the whole world, and says that he constantly prays to be allowed to visit them, "that I may impart to you some spiritual gift, to the end that you may be established; that is, that I with you may be encouraged in you, each of us by the other's faith, both yours and mine." He has often planned to come but has been hindered, wanting to have some fruit among them as among the other Gentiles. "I am debtor both to Greeks and to foreigners, both to the wise and to the foolish. So, as much as in me is, I am eager to preach the gospel to you also who are in Rome." Then he gives his theme: "For I am not ashamed of the gospel of Christ, for it is the power of God for salvation for everyone who believes; for the Jew first, and also for the Greek. For in it is revealed a righteousness of God from faith to faith. As it is written, 'But the righteous shall live by faith.'" Next comes the problem: "For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men, who hold down the truth in unrighteousness." What may be known of God is plain to them, for God has shown it to them: his invisible things since the creation of the world are clearly seen, being perceived through the things that are made, even his everlasting power and divinity, so that they are without excuse. Although they knew God, they did not glorify him as God, nor give thanks, but became vain in their reasoning, and their senseless heart was darkened. Professing themselves to be wise, they became fools, and exchanged the glory of the incorruptible God for the likeness of an image of corruptible man, and of birds, four-footed animals, and creeping things. Three times Paul says, "God gave them up": to uncleanness in the lusts of their hearts, to dishonoring of their bodies among themselves, because they exchanged the truth of God for a lie and worshiped the creature rather than the Creator; to vile passions, and to a reprobate mind, to do those things which are not fitting. He describes how their lives were filled with all unrighteousness, wickedness, greed, and malice: full of envy, murder, strife, deceit, evil habits; whisperers, slanderers, haters of God, insolent, arrogant, boastful, inventors of evil things, disobedient to parents, without understanding, covenant breakers, without natural affection, unforgiving, unmerciful; who, knowing the ordinance of God, that those who practice such things are worthy of death, not only do the same, but also approve of those who practice them.
Why the setting matters
Paul had never been to Rome, a city of roughly a million people with a large Jewish community and many converts from many nations, and the church there was already well known (1:8). He opens with a long greeting that is also a summary of the gospel: Jesus is David's descendant and, through the resurrection, God's Son. The phrase "obedience of faith" appears again at the end of the letter (16:26) and frames the whole. "Greeks and foreigners" (literally barbarians) divides humanity the way Greeks did, by language and culture, and "wise and foolish" does the same by education. The theme verses, 1:16-17, quote Habakkuk 2:4; "from faith to faith" can be read as faith's starting and growth, or as faithfulness from God to people's faith, and "the righteousness of God" can mean God's own righteousness, a righteous status God gives, or both; the meaning is debated. The wrath of God is "revealed" here in God's giving people up to the results of their choices. Paul draws on Jewish critiques of Gentile idolatry (like Wisdom of Solomon 13 to 14) in which worship of creatures leads to disordered life. The sentences in 1:26-27 about same-sex relations are among the most discussed in the New Testament: readers disagree about whether Paul has particular practices in view (such as exploitative relationships or cult practices) or same-sex relations as such, and this site does not settle that question. The target of the whole section is shown in chapter 2: the reader who agrees with Paul's list is about to be told the same applies to him.
Who’s in this chapter
Paul
A servant and apostle, writing to a church he hasn't visited.
The believers in Rome
Called to be saints; their faith is spoken of all over the world.
Jesus
David's descendant, declared Son of God by the resurrection.
David
Jesus' ancestor according to the flesh.
Talk it through
- Paul opens with a long summary of the gospel before he says anything about himself. What does that tell you about what he wants Rome to hear first?
- "I am not ashamed of the gospel." Why might someone writing to Rome feel the pull to be ashamed of it?
- God "gave them up" three times. What kind of judgment is that, and how does it work?
- Paul is about to turn the argument on the one who agrees with him. How do you see that coming in this chapter?
Read Romans 1
World English Bible
1Paul, a servant of Jesus Christ, called to be an apostle, set apart for the Good News of God, 2which he promised before through his prophets in the holy Scriptures, 3concerning his Son, who was born of the offspring of David according to the flesh, 4who was declared to be the Son of God with power, according to the Spirit of holiness, by the resurrection from the dead, Jesus Christ our Lord, 5through whom we received grace and apostleship for obedience of faith among all the nations for his name’s sake; 6among whom you are also called to belong to Jesus Christ; 7to all who are in Rome, beloved of God, called to be saints: Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ.
8First, I thank my God through Jesus Christ for all of you, that your faith is proclaimed throughout the whole world. 9For God is my witness, whom I serve in my spirit in the Good News of his Son, how unceasingly I make mention of you always in my prayers, 10requesting, if by any means now at last I may be prospered by the will of God to come to you. 11For I long to see you, that I may impart to you some spiritual gift, to the end that you may be established; 12that is, that I with you may be encouraged in you, each of us by the other’s faith, both yours and mine.
13Now I don’t desire to have you unaware, brothers, that I often planned to come to you, and was hindered so far, that I might have some fruit among you also, even as among the rest of the Gentiles. 14I am debtor both to Greeks and to foreigners, both to the wise and to the foolish. 15So as much as is in me, I am eager to preach the Good News to you also who are in Rome. 16For I am not ashamed of the Good News of Christ, because it is the power of God for salvation for everyone who believes, for the Jew first, and also for the Greek. 17For in it is revealed God’s righteousness from faith to faith. As it is written, “But the righteous shall live by faith.” 18For the wrath of God is revealed from heaven against all ungodliness and unrighteousness of men who suppress the truth in unrighteousness, 19because that which is known of God is revealed in them, for God revealed it to them. 20For the invisible things of him since the creation of the world are clearly seen, being perceived through the things that are made, even his everlasting power and divinity, that they may be without excuse. 21Because knowing God, they didn’t glorify him as God, and didn’t give thanks, but became vain in their reasoning, and their senseless heart was darkened.
22Professing themselves to be wise, they became fools, 23and traded the glory of the incorruptible God for the likeness of an image of corruptible man, and of birds, four-footed animals, and creeping things. 24Therefore God also gave them up in the lusts of their hearts to uncleanness, that their bodies should be dishonored among themselves; 25who exchanged the truth of God for a lie, and worshiped and served the creature rather than the Creator, who is blessed forever. Amen.
26For this reason, God gave them up to vile passions. For their women changed the natural function into that which is against nature. 27Likewise also the men, leaving the natural function of the woman, burned in their lust toward one another, men doing what is inappropriate with men, and receiving in themselves the due penalty of their error. 28Even as they refused to have God in their knowledge, God gave them up to a reprobate mind, to do those things which are not fitting; 29being filled with all unrighteousness, sexual immorality, wickedness, covetousness, malice; full of envy, murder, strife, deceit, evil habits, secret slanderers, 30backbiters, hateful to God, insolent, arrogant, boastful, inventors of evil things, disobedient to parents, 31without understanding, covenant breakers, without natural affection, unforgiving, unmerciful; 32who, knowing the ordinance of God, that those who practice such things are worthy of death, not only do the same, but also approve of those who practice them.
Text: World English Bible, Public domain. About our sources