Galatians 2

Setting the scene
Who wrote it
Paul
Who it was for
The churches of Galatia
What was happening
Paul meets the apostles in Jerusalem, and later opposes Peter at Antioch
Read the full background in the book overview

What’s happening

Fourteen years later, Paul went up again to Jerusalem with Barnabas, taking Titus along, by revelation; he put before them the gospel he preaches among the Gentiles, privately before those who seemed influential, so that he would not be running or have run in vain. Even Titus, a Greek, was not compelled to be circumcised. This was because of false brothers secretly brought in, who slipped in to spy on the freedom they have in Christ Jesus, to bring them into slavery: "to whom we gave place in the way of subjection, no, not for an hour, that the truth of the Good News might continue with you." Those who seemed influential added nothing to Paul; instead they saw that he had been entrusted with the gospel for the uncircumcised just as Peter was for the circumcised, and James, Cephas, and John, who were considered pillars, gave Paul and Barnabas "the right hand of fellowship" so that they would go to the Gentiles and the others to the circumcised. They asked only that they remember the poor, which Paul was eager to do. But when Cephas came to Antioch, Paul opposed him to his face, because he stood condemned: before certain men came from James, he used to eat with the Gentiles, but when they came, he drew back and separated himself, fearing the circumcision party. The rest of the Jews joined him in hypocrisy, so that even Barnabas was led astray. When Paul saw that they were not acting in line with the truth of the Good News, he said to Cephas before them all, "If you, being a Jew, live as the Gentiles do, and not as the Jews do, how can you compel the Gentiles to live as Jews do?" We, who are Jews by nature and not sinners from among the Gentiles, know that a person is not justified by the works of the law but through faith in Jesus Christ, so we also believed in Christ Jesus, that we might be justified by faith in Christ and not by the works of the law, since by works of the law no flesh will be justified. "I have been crucified with Christ, and it is no longer I who live, but Christ lives in me; and the life which I now live in the flesh, I live by faith in the Son of God, who loved me and gave himself up for me. I don't make void the grace of God. For if righteousness is through the law, then Christ died for nothing."

Why the setting matters

The meeting in 2:1-10 is hard to line up with Acts. Many identify it with the Jerusalem Council of Acts 15, in which case Galatians was written after it; others identify it with the earlier famine-relief visit of Acts 11:30, in which case Galatians could be the earliest of Paul's letters. This is the single biggest reason for the date debate. The "right hand of fellowship" is a handshake of partnership. The key issue at Antioch was table fellowship: Jewish believers who ate with Gentiles risked criticism from stricter Jews, and Peter, who had once eaten with Gentiles (Acts 10-11), pulled back. Paul sees that withdrawal as undoing the gospel itself, because it implies Gentile believers are second-class. Paul does not tell us how Peter responded, and Acts does not mention the incident, though Peter later speaks in favor of Gentiles at the Jerusalem Council. The Greek phrase in 2:16 (pistis Christou) can be translated "faith in Christ" or "the faithfulness of Christ," and scholars disagree; either way, Paul's point is that justification does not come from the works of the law. The words "I have been crucified with Christ" make the whole letter's argument personal.

Read Galatians 2 (World English Bible)

Who’s in this chapter

Paul

Lays out his gospel in Jerusalem and confronts Peter.

Barnabas

Goes with Paul; later swept into the withdrawal at Antioch.

Titus

A Greek believer not compelled to be circumcised.

Cephas (Peter)

Peter, who pulled back from eating with Gentiles.

James, the Lord's brother

A pillar of the Jerusalem church, whose emissaries came to Antioch.

John

One of the three pillars.

The circumcision party

Those whose disapproval made Peter withdraw.

The "false brothers"

Those who slipped in to spy on the freedom believers have.

Talk it through

  1. Titus was not forced to be circumcised. Why does Paul see that as a test case?
  2. At Antioch, Peter changed where he sat at the table. Why does Paul treat that as a threat to the gospel?
  3. "I have been crucified with Christ; it is no longer I who live." What does that sentence mean for how a believer lives?
  4. Paul confronts Peter in public. When might that be right, and when might it not?

Read Galatians 2

World English Bible

1Then after a period of fourteen years I went up again to Jerusalem with Barnabas, taking Titus also with me. 2I went up by revelation, and I laid before them the Good News which I preach among the Gentiles, but privately before those who were respected, for fear that I might be running, or had run, in vain. 3But not even Titus, who was with me, being a Greek, was compelled to be circumcised. 4This was because of the false brothers secretly brought in, who stole in to spy out our liberty which we have in Christ Jesus, that they might bring us into bondage, 5to whom we gave no place in the way of subjection, not for an hour, that the truth of the Good News might continue with you. 6But from those who were reputed to be important—whatever they were, it makes no difference to me; God doesn’t show partiality to man—they, I say, who were respected imparted nothing to me, 7but to the contrary, when they saw that I had been entrusted with the Good News for the uncircumcised, even as Peter with the Good News for the circumcised— 8for he who worked through Peter in the apostleship with the circumcised also worked through me with the Gentiles— 9and when they perceived the grace that was given to me, James and Cephas and John, those who were reputed to be pillars, gave to Barnabas and me the right hand of fellowship, that we should go to the Gentiles, and they to the circumcision. 10They only asked us to remember the poor—which very thing I was also zealous to do.

11But when Peter came to Antioch, I resisted him to his face, because he stood condemned. 12For before some people came from James, he ate with the Gentiles. But when they came, he drew back and separated himself, fearing those who were of the circumcision. 13And the rest of the Jews joined him in his hypocrisy, so that even Barnabas was carried away with their hypocrisy. 14But when I saw that they didn’t walk uprightly according to the truth of the Good News, I said to Peter before them all, “If you, being a Jew, live as the Gentiles do, and not as the Jews do, why do you compel the Gentiles to live as the Jews do?

15“We, being Jews by nature, and not Gentile sinners, 16yet knowing that a man is not justified by the works of the law but through faith in Jesus Christ, even we believed in Christ Jesus, that we might be justified by faith in Christ, and not by the works of the law, because no flesh will be justified by the works of the law. 17But if while we sought to be justified in Christ, we ourselves also were found sinners, is Christ a servant of sin? Certainly not! 18For if I build up again those things which I destroyed, I prove myself a law-breaker. 19For I, through the law, died to the law, that I might live to God. 20I have been crucified with Christ, and it is no longer I who live, but Christ lives in me. That life which I now live in the flesh, I live by faith in the Son of God, who loved me, and gave himself up for me. 21I don’t reject the grace of God. For if righteousness is through the law, then Christ died for nothing!”

Text: World English Bible, Public domain. About our sources